投稿者「tada」のアーカイブ

tada について

Dr. Nakasu is a post-doctoral fellow and an adjunct lecturer at College of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University in Thailand. He had been working at NIED (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention) as a principal research fellow and ICHARM (International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management), PWRI (Public Works Research Institute) as a research specialist in Japan for a decade. He has conducted many disaster field surveys such as Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004), Hurricane Katrina (2005), Typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng (2009), Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (2011), and Chao Phraya River Flood (2011). He also conducted abundant disaster management research around the globe. He had been a project leader of the Working Group of Hydrology, the Typhoon Committee (WMO and UN/ESCAP) for nearly 3 years. He was also a visiting researcher at JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and an adjunct instructor at several universities in Japan. He won a second prize for his poster presentation at the Society for Risk Analysis-Asia Conference in Taipei in 2014. He is a tsunami evacuation research committee member of the Japanese Association for Earthquake Engineering (JAEE). His research interests include the environment and comparative studies. 日本語版: 中須正

Day_206 : That Day in the Storm: A Family’s Harrowing Experience with the Isewan Typhoon (the worst typhoon disaster in Japan, 1959) (Anonymous)

On that day… “A big typhoon is coming,” my father declared, returning home early from work. “If it takes the worst possible path, we’ll be on the right side of the typhoon, so it’s going to be bad,” he said as he nailed wood to reinforce the window glass, preparing for the typhoon as we always did.

By just after 8 PM (?), we had finished dinner and were getting ready for the typhoon. “The wind is getting incredibly strong. The house might collapse,” he worried more than usual about the house falling apart and started to prepare. He stacked futons about a meter high in a U-shape in front of the dresser to create a bunker-like structure, and all five of us got inside.

My brother and I had packed our clothes in plastic bags and were wearing our backpacks. My father, preparing for the house to collapse, had a hammer hanging from his waist. My mother had a flashlight at her waist. The wind grew stronger, and when my father went around the house to check, he called me to help hold the windows.
“For the first time, I understood the ‘breath’ of a typhoon. As the typhoon ‘exhaled’—’Whooosh’—the window glass bulged outward, looking like it might shatter at any moment. Rather than holding it down, it felt more like we were pulling on the window muntins to prevent them from flying away, which was extremely difficult due to the ferocious wind.

“It’s no use. The house is going to collapse. Get under the futons,” he said, and I quickly returned to where my grandmother and brother were. Right after that, “What’s that noise?”… “It’s water!” my father exclaimed. At the front door, water began trickling in through the threshold, dribbling onto the earthen floor.
“We can’t stay in the house with the water. Let’s escape to Akiba Shrine at the back,” he decided.

As he lifted my bent-backed grandmother onto the top tier of the closet, my mother carried my first-grade brother on her back, and my father led me by the hand to the front door. When he opened the sliding door, the murky water reached up to his chest in an instant. “Oh!” was all he could say as he grabbed the post of the sliding door to support himself. The current swept me to the right; only my fingertips managed to cling to either his collar or shoulder blade. At that moment, I saw my mother and brother on the tatami at the front of the house, but I don’t remember anything from then until we got on the roof of the kitchen.

During this time, my mother and brother heard my repeated cries of “My hands are slipping! Help!” And at that same moment, the wooden fence outside the house washed past between my father and the post he was holding, and the muddy water rushed into the house. My father thought he had lost me when my hands slipped from his neck.

My father and I were likely pushed inside by the current. I’m not sure… From then on, my mother and brother only remember fragments. Unable to escape outside, we took refuge in the attic. As the water rose, the tatami mats began to float, and I saw the TV sinking into the water as we fled. The fear of that moment is unforgettable, my mother says. “Even though it was dark due to the power outage, something was still bright,” my father and I said as we clung to the pillars and crossbeams in the courtyard, trying not to float on the rising tatami. The kitchen wall was there, so the water reached the eaves of the roof, which were quite deep, but the force seemed a bit diminished. My father managed to get onto the roof first, holding onto the gutter and then pulling me up onto the roof.

When we crossed the roof, my foot slipped. It was a tin roof. “Don’t slip! Don’t fall! The sea is to the right,” my father’s loud voice I remember well. The stormy weather was intense; looking to the right, the water was a vast expanse, moving incredibly fast and shining brilliantly. I can’t forget the depth of the water and its swift flow.

My mother, carrying my brother, was also swept by the water while clinging to a post between the veranda and the courtyard. My brother recalled, “At that time, I was really uncomfortable squeezed between Kamo-san and our mother’s shoulders.” After seeing me on the roof, my mother managed to get there, clinging to something until my father pulled her up. My father told her to get on the roof too, but she said, “It’s okay. I’m fine here. I can’t go on.” I thought I heard my mother say she was going to die from that moment

on, and I kept screaming, “Help! Help!” but I don’t remember anything after that. Later, my father also pulled her onto the roof.

My father was breaking the tiles on the main roof with a hammer to create an opening to the attic. I don’t remember how I got there, but I found myself near my father on the tin roof, and he was tossing the broken tiles aside and digging into the dirt beneath them. Suddenly, the wind and rain stopped. Looking up, the sky was full of stars. I clearly remember that. Later, I learned that we had been in the eye of the typhoon. Eventually, our family of four entered the attic through this opening in the roof about the size of four tiles. When we got into the attic, I noticed my fingertips were muddy and slightly bleeding.

My father warned my brother, “Be careful with the thin ceiling boards. If you step through, there’s the sea below.” My brother and I sat on a thick beam in the attic and changed into dry underwear and clothes from our backpacks. We didn’t know how high the water would rise, and since the roof might float if the water reached the eaves, we were tied to the beam and utterly exhausted.

Our parents were worried about our grandmother, who was in the closet with the water up to her legs, and considered bringing her into the attic. At that moment, my grandmother reported, “It seems like the water has stopped!” In the middle of the night, the fire brigade came around to check on us. At that time, my parents couldn’t help but shout, “We’re okay. We’re in the attic!”

As dawn broke and the voices outside exclaimed, “The water has receded!” we also came down from the closet.
I am a fourth-grader. My brother is a first-grader.
This time, due to a curious fate, I had the chance to talk about the Isewan Typhoon for the first time in 50 years, remembering “that time” with my mother and brother. Our memories are all fragmented. The fear started “when the water trickled in,” and we can’t be sure about the passage of time or even how deep the water was—maybe about two meters. But it’s certain that all five of us survived.
“Carried by the water, pushed by the water, floating in the water, it was just good luck moment by moment.”
“It’s good that the kitchen roof didn’t get carried away. The four of us were saved because of this roof.”
These are the real feelings of my mother, brother, and me. I am grateful for this opportunity to share.

Acknowledgement: We are deeply grateful to the anonymous interviewee for sharing her harrowing experience. We strive to honor her precious time and valuable contribution.

 

Day_83 : Tsunami – the words

80% ofall tsunamis occurring in the world are concentrated in the Circum-Pacific Belt.The leading countries researching the tsunami are Japan, the U.S., and Russia. The tsunami is originally a Japanese term that means a high tidal wave. The name was used by Japanese immigrants during a tidal wave caused by the 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake (tsunami) hit in Hiro, Hawaii and it became an international word, especially an academic word, ”Tsunami”. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) is in charge of a tsunami session at the start of an international conference about tsunamis. Tsunami” became public after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster.

*The word “tsu is composed of the Japanese words “Tsu” (which means harbor) and “Nami” (which means “wave”)(ITIC)

The 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake
Hiro, 1964

***Pacific Tsunami Museum in Hiro

Day_205 : The story of a massive landslide that occasionally triggered a massive tsunami: The 1970 Peru earthquake and the 1984 Mount Ontake landslide

In 1970, a major earthquake (magnitude 7.7) in Peru caused a massive collapse of the summit of Mount Huascaran in the Andes. The large amount of rock and ice (about 100 million cubic metres) that fell from the mountain flowed down for about 14.5 kilometres at more than 300 kilometres per hour. This flow over a 230-meter-high ridge covered the town of Yungai, with a population of 25,000, in a 5-meter-thick layer, killing around 15,000 people.

Meanwhile, in Japan, a 6.8-magnitude earthquake in 1984 in western Nagano Prefecture caused the collapse of some 36 million cubic metres of earth and rock at Kiso-Ontake; in 1792, Mount Unzen-Mayuma probably collapsed in an earthquake, causing some 340 million cubic metres of rock to collapse and flow into the Ariake Sea, causing a tsunami of up to 23 metres.

In an ordinary landslide, the coefficient of friction that indicates the distance and speed at which rocks and soil move is around 0.5, but in a particularly large debris avalanche, this can drop to 0.1 and move much further and faster. Large volcanoes are more prone to such large landslides because of the instability of their internal structure.

Source:

https://dil.bosai.go.jp/workshop/2006workshop/gakusyukai12.html

Day_204 : The story of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, which set the cities of Tokyo and Yokohama on fire

When an earthquake strikes, fires start simultaneously in many places. The combination of dispersed firefighters’ ability to extinguish fires, broken buildings and unusable roads, broken water supplies and water shortages, and congested roads with many cars makes it very difficult to extinguish fires. For these reasons, large-town fires are more likely to occur during earthquakes. This is especially true in wet areas like Japan, where buildings are mainly made of wood and fires can spread over them as they break down, causing more damage. In dry areas, many houses are made of brick or stone, which are often completely destroyed by earthquakes.

During the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, 320,000 houses, or about 62% of the houses in Tokyo, were burned down. There were 136 fires, 76 of which spread widely, burning as much as 44% of the city in three days. Almost all (95%) of the deaths were caused by fire. Almost the same proportion (63%) of houses burned down in Yokohama. History shows that every time there has been a major earthquake, there has also been a major fire. The basic measure against fires caused by earthquakes is to make the house earthquake-proof and prevent it from collapsing.

 

source:
https://dil.bosai.go.jp/workshop/2006workshop/gakusyukai11.html

Day_34 : The meanings of the Typhoon Makurazaki in 1945

After the second world war, Japan was vulnerable, so we had a lot of natural disasters, especially Typhoon disasters from 1945 to 1959. Some call this 15 years a great flood and storm era. The first hit was Typhoon Makurazaki on September 15, 1945*.The typhoon hit Hiroshima city. There were 1229 casualties in the city. This fact reminds us what happened in Hiroshima in the same year. The atomic bomb hit Hiroshima city this August. During the war, we had no weather forecast system because of military’s reasons. The people in Hiroshima were living in vulnerable houses because they were hardly hit by the bomb. They did not have enough information . about the typhoon’s coming, either. Therefore, this typhoon disaster is a complex disaster that consists of natural disasters, technological disasters, and human-made disasters.

*Hiroshima Pref. Website:
http://www.bousai.pref.hiroshima.jp.e.bq.hp.transer.com/www/contents/1318849427179/index.html
http://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp.e.bq.hp.transer.com/soshiki/100/makurazaki.html

**A Blank in the Weather Map by Kunio Yanagida

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Blank_in_the_Weather_Map

 

Day_203 : Distant Tsunamis Triggered by Massive Earthquakes: The 1960 Chilean Earthquake and the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

On the early morning of May 23, 1960, a massive earthquake, the largest ever recorded with a magnitude of 9.5, struck southern Chile. This earthquake unleashed a tsunami that swiftly crossed the Pacific Ocean, reaching the Japanese coast about 22.5 hours later. The tsunami, which surged up to 8 meters high, resulted in 139 deaths and caused the destruction or displacement of 2,830 buildings across Japan. Due to the geographical position of Chile opposite Japan, the tsunami’s impact was more pronounced upon reaching the Japanese shores. These distant tsunamis are particularly challenging to forecast since they occur without the preliminary tremors typically associated with earthquakes. Consequently, regions prone to seismic activity, particularly around the Pacific, including Hawaii, have established early warning systems.

Day_168 : Past Interview Records – PTWC (Pacific Tsunami Warning Center) in Hawaii (1)

 

In 2004, the Indian Ocean was struck by another significant earthquake, which triggered a devastating tsunami. At that time, the absence of a tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean contributed to a staggering death toll of 300,000. The effectiveness of tsunami warnings is limited by their ability to reach extensive coastal areas promptly. Therefore, it is crucial for residents to be aware of their local environmental characteristics and rely on personal judgment and preparedness to mitigate the risks posed by tsunamis.

Day_202 : What is Inland Flooding?

When it rains heavily on a flat area, the rainwater does not drain away and accumulates on the ground. Water flows into low areas from surrounding small elevations. Drainage canals and small rivers are the first to overflow as water levels rise. Floods that occur in this way are called internal floods and are distinguished from external floods that occur when the levees of main rivers break or overflow. In general, internal floods include the overflows of relatively large drainage rivers that have their source in the plain and the overflows of small rivers on plateaus and hillsides into lowlands at the bottom of valleys. Floods caused by internal flooding are particularly problematic in cities and surrounding newly developed urbanized areas. What is called “urban flooding” is the flooding of urban areas, which is intensified by the structure of the city and creates new types of damage, such as the inundation of underground malls.

Day_201 : Ground conditions are a fundamental factor in determining the amplification of seismic motions at the ground surface and the magnitude of earthquake damage

The condition of the ground is an important factor in determining how strongly an earthquake will be felt. For example, in the 1891 Nobi earthquake (Japan), the 1923 Kanto earthquake (Japan), and the 1985 Mexico earthquake (Mexico), the softer the ground, the stronger the earthquake shaking. Especially in softer strata, seismic waves are slower, so the shaking is greater. This shaking is further intensified when the period of the strata coincides with the period of the earthquake or building. This is called resonance and is the cause of many building failures.

For example, in the 1891 Nobi Earthquake in Japan, most houses near the epicenter were destroyed, but the number of houses destroyed decreased as one moved farther away from the epicenter. At a distance of 50 km from the epicenter, few houses were broken in areas with hard ground, while many were broken in areas with soft ground; in the 1923 Kanto earthquake in Japan, few houses were broken on the Yamanote plateau in Tokyo, while many were broken in the Arakawa lowlands; in the 1985 Mexico earthquake, the collapse of tall buildings in particular was observed, but this was also caused by soft ground.

The destruction of homes by earthquakes has a major impact on human casualties, fires, and even society as a whole. Therefore, when considering earthquake countermeasures, it is very important to carefully examine the condition of the ground.

Source URL:https://dil.bosai.go.jp/workshop/2006workshop/gakusyukai19.html

Day_89 : Disaster Recovery Theory (1)

First, the theoretical examination’s concept is explained and two disaster recovery theories are introduced. Second, the first theory is explained and studied. Third, the second theory is explained and examined.

The concept is explained as follows:

The concept

Figure1 1: Disaster Recovery Concept

The following are the two disaster recovery theories used for this study.
Theoretical framework 1
Disasters contribute to change, they do so primarily by accelerating trends that are already underway prior to impact (Bates et al., 1963; Bates, 1982; Bates and Peacock, 1993; Haas et al., 1977).

2) Theoretical framework 2
The disaster Process is influenced by
① Devoted aid volume from outside society
② Disaster scale
Community Strength (Social System Strength) (Hirose, 1982)

The first theory is confirmed by some cases. You can see the following figures: the Kanto earthquake, Fukui earthquake, Typhoon Isewan in Japan, and Hurricane Katrina in US.
mizutanisensei_recovery
Figure 2: Disaster Recoveries in Japan

recovery_katrina
Figure 3: The Disaster Recovery from Hurricane Katrina in US.

To be continued…

This is  the presentation summary. The presentation was made in 2011, after the tsunami in Japan.

Day_200 : High-Speed Tsunamis and Delayed Warnings: The Urgency of Evacuation during the 1896 Meiji Sanriku, 1933 Showa Sanriku, and 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunamis

Large tsunamis are caused by major earthquakes of magnitude 8 or greater. In particular, such earthquakes frequently occur along the Pacific coast of Hokkaido and Tohoku in Japan. The Sanriku coast in this region has a special shape called a “rias coast,” which is prone to tsunamis. In the 1896 Meiji Sanriku tsunami, the tsunami reached a height of 38 meters and killed about 22,000 people. Thirty-seven years later, in 1933, another major tsunami, the Showa Sanriku tsunami, struck the region, killing approximately 3,000 people. 2011’s Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami did not fully apply the lessons of the past, leaving approximately 18,000 people dead or missing.

The time between an earthquake and a tsunami reaching the coast is very short, from 5 to 10 minutes. Running to higher ground within this short time is almost the only way to protect yourself from a tsunami. The tsunami will reach the coast where it is the highest, and the tsunami will also reach the coast the fastest. Therefore, instead of waiting for information from the outside, it is important to have your own knowledge about tsunamis, understand your surroundings, and act on your own judgment.

Contents (in Japanese)
Source: URL:https://dil.bosai.go.jp/workshop/2006workshop/gakusyukai21.html