Dr. Nakasu is a post-doctoral fellow and an adjunct lecturer at College of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University in Thailand. He had been working at NIED (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention) as a principal research fellow and ICHARM (International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management), PWRI (Public Works Research Institute) as a research specialist in Japan for a decade. He has conducted many disaster field surveys such as Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004), Hurricane Katrina (2005), Typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng (2009), Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (2011), and Chao Phraya River Flood (2011). He also conducted abundant disaster management research around the globe. He had been a project leader of the Working Group of Hydrology, the Typhoon Committee (WMO and UN/ESCAP) for nearly 3 years. He was also a visiting researcher at JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and an adjunct instructor at several universities in Japan. He won a second prize for his poster presentation at the Society for Risk Analysis-Asia Conference in Taipei in 2014. He is a tsunami evacuation research committee member of the Japanese Association for Earthquake Engineering (JAEE). His research interests include the environment and comparative studies.
日本語版:
中須正
One of the most significant volcanic disasters we must know about is the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz volcano eruption. Approx.23000 citizens in Armero city were dead. The cultural aspects were embedded in this disaster. The disaster was predicted. The hazard maps indicate that the city will be affected by a volcanic eruption and lahars. Both priest and mayor told the citizens to stay in the same place because they were afraid of panic before the time, but did not tell them to evacuate. That made tragedy. The people in the city tended to follow both persons because of the culture, which is a religious and vertically structured society. There were also other factors*.
When it gets boiling for several days, it’s often because of heat waves. These are a big deal and not just a minor inconvenience because they result from numerous intricate factors. Let’s explore what causes heat waves, how they affect us and the environment, and what we can do about them. As climate change makes heat waves more intense, it’s essential to learn about them and consider how to adapt.
What Causes Heat Waves?
Heat waves happen when the weather stays scorching for a long time. This is usually because high-pressure systems trap warm air in one place. No clouds mean lots of sunshine, making it even hotter. Other things like jet streams, hotter cities than surrounding areas, dry soil, and lack of plants can worsen heat waves. Significant weather patterns over the ocean, like El Niño, can also change how often and how severe heat waves are. Understanding all this helps us prepare for and try to lessen the harmful effects of heat waves.
How Do Heat Waves Affect Us and Nature?
Heat waves can cause many problems. They can lead to more wildfires, harm wildlife, and reduce the amount of food farmers can grow. They also use up a lot of water. People’s health can suffer, too, especially from heat-related illnesses. Heat waves can make some health conditions worse, lower air quality, and increase diseases spread by mosquitoes and ticks.
Dealing with Heat Waves
To deal with heat waves, we can plant more trees in cities, build buildings that don’t get as hot, and ensure everyone knows how to stay cool. With more heat waves expected because of climate change, building stronger buildings and improving weather warning systems is essential to keep everyone safe.
Getting Ready for More Heat Waves
As heat waves become more common, we all need to prepare. This means knowing how to keep cool, strengthening our communities against heat, and supporting laws that help deal with heat waves. By working together, we can be better prepared for hot weather and ensure everyone stays safe.
There were nine casualties caused by heavy snowstorms in Hokkaido on 2-3 March 2013.
In Yubetsu town, a father (58) was found dead. But his daughter (9) survived. The father held his daughter in his arms to protect her from coldness.
In Nakashibetsu town, four were dead. They died in a car because they stopped the car and could not go out because of the conditions. They tried to call acquaintances for help again and again. However, they could not get help during that time.
The Snow and Ice Research Center, NIED (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention), has launched a project to prevent snowstorm disasters after the disaster in Nakashibetsu. The project focused on the snowstorm prediction system not only for officers but also for local people. It is difficult to predict the storm because it happens with complex conditions, such as snow drift and storms. I needed to check not only the weather but also the land conditions.
An example of the use is that the school children stopped to go back home because the snow storm was predicted on their way home.
Winter’s beauty can turn dangerous with heavy snow, blizzards, and ice storms. These snow disasters cause power outages, transportation chaos, and property damage. But what causes them, and how can we prepare?
The Science of Snowstorms
Snow disasters happen when cold temperatures, precipitation, and wind combine. Think of heavy snowfall, icy roads, and massive snowdrifts. Climate change is making things worse with more intense snow and hazardous ice.
The Impact
Snow disasters disrupt transportation, causing accidents and delays. Power lines snap under the weight of snow, leading to blackouts. Buildings can even collapse, and ice dams cause leaks and damage.
Fighting Back: Snow Removal and Prevention
Traditional methods like shoveling and plowing are still essential. But we now have snowblowers, snowmelt systems, and de-icing techniques. Advanced weather prediction helps us prepare, and GPS-guided snowplows clear roads faster.
Be Prepared!
Even with the best technology, snowstorms can still hit hard. Have an emergency kit with food, water, blankets, and a first aid kit. Plan for transportation and communication in case of an emergency.
The disease is far more than a simple malfunction in the body—it’s a complex interplay of multiple factors that affect millions worldwide. Understanding this complexity is crucial for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies.
The Three Pillars of Disease Development
Genetic Factors
Our genetic makeup significantly influences disease susceptibility. A notable example is the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (Breast Cancer genes), which normally help repair damaged DNA and suppress tumor growth. When these genes have mutations, they can significantly increase a person’s risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer, demonstrating how genetic variations can impact our health.
Environmental Influences
External factors—from air pollution to workplace exposures—can trigger disease development. For instance, asbestos exposure’s link to mesothelioma demonstrates how environmental factors can interact with genetic predispositions.
Lifestyle Choices
Diet, physical activity, and stress management play crucial roles in preventing and progressing diseases. These modifiable factors often represent our best opportunity for disease prevention.
COVID-19: A Case Study in Disease Complexity
The COVID-19 pandemic perfectly illustrates the intricate nature of the disease. This single virus has demonstrated how multiple factors affect disease outcomes:
Genetic Factors: Studies have shown that genetic variations can influence the severity of COVID-19, with some people more susceptible to serious illness.
Environmental Impact: Population density, indoor ventilation, and climate conditions all affect virus transmission rates.
Social Determinants: Access to healthcare, living conditions, and occupation type have significantly influenced infection rates and outcomes.
Individual Responses: The wide range of symptoms—from asymptomatic cases to severe illness—highlights how differently individuals can respond to the same pathogen.
This pandemic has also accelerated medical innovations, from mRNA vaccine development to telemedicine adoption, showing how crisis can drive healthcare advancement.
The Future of Disease Management
Modern medicine is moving away from one-size-fits-all approaches. Personalized medicine, which considers an individual’s unique genetic profile and environmental exposures, is becoming the new standard. Technologies like pharmacogenomics help doctors prescribe medications that will work best for each patient while minimizing side effects.
Looking Ahead
As we continue to understand disease complexity, new technologies, and research methods are opening doors to better treatments. From wearable devices to telemedicine, these advances are making healthcare more accessible and effective than ever before.
Understanding disease complexity isn’t just academic—it’s the key to developing better treatments and prevention strategies that can improve health outcomes for everyone.
The picture was taken in Mississippi on December 3, 2005.
Nearly two decades have passed since Hurricane Katrina devastated the Gulf Coast, particularly New Orleans, in 2005. As we reflect on this catastrophic event, it’s crucial to reassess our understanding of the disaster, its impacts, and the lessons learned for future disaster risk reduction efforts. This updated analysis incorporates new research, recent case studies, and current best practices in disaster management to provide a comprehensive view of Hurricane Katrina’s long-lasting effects and implications for disaster preparedness.
Revisiting the Data: The Importance of Pre-Disaster Information
One of the most valuable resources for understanding the pre-Katrina landscape was the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center (GNOCDC) website. This data repository provided detailed demographic and socioeconomic information at the parish and ward levels, offering crucial insights into the social fabric of affected areas.
Key Findings from Pre-Katrina Data
Vehicle Ownership: Data from GNOCDC revealed significant disparities in vehicle ownership across New Orleans neighborhoods. For instance, the Lower 9th Ward, one of the most severely affected areas, had a low rate of vehicle ownership. This factor critically impaired residents’ ability to evacuate independently, necessitating government assistance for evacuation.
Socioeconomic Disparities: Analysis of household incomes, education levels, and employment rates across different wards highlighted pre-existing vulnerabilities that exacerbated the disaster’s impact.
Housing Quality: Information on housing stock age and quality provided insights into structural vulnerabilities that contributed to the extent of physical damage.
The Victimization Process: A Multi-Stage Analysis
Understanding the disaster’s impact requires examining multiple stages of the event and its aftermath. Building on the original five-stage model (Pre-disaster, Direct Damage, Social Disorder, Life Environment, and Reconstruction and Recovery), recent research has emphasized the interconnectedness of these stages and their long-term implications.
Updated Insights on Disaster Stages
Pre-disaster Stage:
New research highlights the critical role of community-based preparedness programs in enhancing resilience.
Studies show that areas with strong social networks and community engagement had better evacuation rates and post-disaster recovery.
Direct Damage Stage:
Advanced modeling techniques have improved our understanding of infrastructure vulnerabilities, particularly in flood-prone areas.
Recent case studies from hurricanes like Harvey (2017) and Ida (2021) provide comparative data on immediate impact patterns.
Social Disorder Stage:
Long-term studies have revealed the persistent psychological impacts of displacement and community disruption.
New frameworks for maintaining social order during disasters emphasize the importance of clear communication and community leadership.
Life Environment Stage:
Research on environmental health impacts has expanded, including studies on mold exposure and water contamination.
The concept of “build back better” has gained traction, influencing reconstruction efforts to enhance resilience.
Reconstruction and Recovery Stage:
Long-term studies show uneven recovery patterns, with some neighborhoods thriving while others continue to struggle.
The role of federal, state, and local policies in shaping recovery outcomes has been extensively analyzed, offering lessons for future disaster recovery planning.
Emerging Trends in Disaster Risk Reduction
Since Hurricane Katrina, several key trends have emerged in the field of Disaster Risk Reduction:
Climate Change Adaptation: There’s an increased focus on integrating climate change projections into disaster preparedness and urban planning.
Community-Based Disaster Risk Management: Emphasizing local knowledge and community participation in disaster planning and response.
Technological Advancements: Utilization of GIS, remote sensing, and AI for improved risk assessment and early warning systems.
Social Vulnerability Mapping: More sophisticated tools for identifying and addressing vulnerabilities based on socioeconomic factors.
Nature-Based Solutions: Growing emphasis on using natural ecosystems to mitigate disaster risks, such as wetland restoration for flood control.
Actionable Recommendations
Based on lessons learned from Katrina and subsequent disasters, here are key recommendations for enhancing disaster resilience:
Invest in Inclusive Preparedness: Ensure evacuation plans and resources are accessible to all community members, especially those with limited mobility or resources.
Strengthen Infrastructure Resilience: Implement stricter building codes and invest in critical infrastructure upgrades, particularly in vulnerable areas.
Enhance Early Warning Systems: Develop multi-channel, culturally appropriate warning systems that reach all segments of the population.
Foster Community Cohesion: Support programs that build social capital and community networks, which are crucial for both evacuation and recovery.
Integrate Social Vulnerability in Planning: Use social vulnerability indices to inform resource allocation and targeted support in disaster planning and response.
Promote Sustainable Recovery: Implement recovery strategies that not only rebuild but also address pre-existing social and environmental issues.
Continuous Learning and Adaptation: Establish mechanisms for ongoing assessment and incorporation of lessons learned from each disaster event.
The tragedy of Hurricane Katrina continues to offer valuable lessons for disaster risk reduction. By combining data-driven analysis with a nuanced understanding of social and environmental factors, we can work towards creating more resilient communities. As we face increasing challenges from climate change and urban growth, the insights gained from studying Katrina’s impact remain crucial for shaping effective disaster management strategies worldwide.
After the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, we started collecting information on the tide gauge records around the Indian Ocean. In 2008, we also discussed the emergency management aspects for future possible tsunamis in the Indian Ocean at Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC)*, International Tsunami Information Center**(ITIC), and Univ. of Hawaii Sea Level Center(UHSLC)***.
*Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
We can confirm the present tsunami warning information.
The PTWC is the world’s core center for tsunami warnings.
As you may know, the tsunami is a Japanese word. The name comes from the Hiro village (many Japanese settlers lived there) in Hawaii, severely affected by the tsunami in 1968. The villagers called the wave “Tsunami.”
**International Tsunami Information Center
They have important historical tide gauge records.
***University of Hawaii Sea Level Center http://uhslc.soest.hawaii.edu/
We can confirm the sea level is rising around the globe.
Extra……..(^^)
The famous Hitachi company’s symbol image tree in Hawaii was found.
North America Mount St.Helens erupted in 1980. Fifty-seven people were dead. St. Helen’s volcanic eruption was massive. You can see this from the following video.
From environmental and sociological perspectives, the difference between the U.S. and Japan is the people’s and nature’s relationships. This case indicated that somehow. The people are living far from nature, on Mt.Helens. That is why the fatality rate was not so high compared to the enormous eruption. In Japan, people tend to live near and with nature. This is called “Satoyama” in Japanese. Other Asian countries are the same as Japan.
This will be discussed later.
Caribbean Mount Pelee
St.Pierre City was eradicated in 1902 by Mt. Plee’s eruption.
The population of the city was approx. 28000; almost all were dead, only two survived. One of the only two survivors was in prison. The story can be seen in the following video.
2. Climate, meteorological, and hydrological disasters: Hurricanes
North America In 1900, Galveston’s death toll was over 6,000 2005 Katrina, the death toll was over 1400, and the cost was $100 billion. UDS In 1998, Mitch reported that 13,700 people were victimized in Honduras and 3,300 in Nicaragua Caribbean Hurricane Jeanne, 2800 were killed in Haiti
Disaster data, such as the death toll, is sourced from the NIED DIL homepage.
On that day… “A big typhoon is coming,” my father declared, returning home early from work. “If it takes the worst possible path, we’ll be on the right side of the typhoon, so it’s going to be bad,” he said as he nailed wood to reinforce the window glass, preparing for the typhoon as we always did.
By just after 8 PM (?), we had finished dinner and were getting ready for the typhoon. “The wind is getting incredibly strong. The house might collapse,” he worried more than usual about the house falling apart and started to prepare. He stacked futons about a meter high in a U-shape in front of the dresser to create a bunker-like structure, and all five of us got inside.
My brother and I had packed our clothes in plastic bags and were wearing our backpacks. My father, preparing for the house to collapse, had a hammer hanging from his waist. My mother had a flashlight at her waist. The wind grew stronger, and when my father went around the house to check, he called me to help hold the windows.
“For the first time, I understood the ‘breath’ of a typhoon. As the typhoon ‘exhaled’—’Whooosh’—the window glass bulged outward, looking like it might shatter at any moment. Rather than holding it down, it felt more like we were pulling on the window muntins to prevent them from flying away, which was extremely difficult due to the ferocious wind.
“It’s no use. The house is going to collapse. Get under the futons,” he said, and I quickly returned to where my grandmother and brother were. Right after that, “What’s that noise?”… “It’s water!” my father exclaimed. At the front door, water began trickling in through the threshold, dribbling onto the earthen floor.
“We can’t stay in the house with the water. Let’s escape to Akiba Shrine at the back,” he decided.
As he lifted my bent-backed grandmother onto the top tier of the closet, my mother carried my first-grade brother on her back, and my father led me by the hand to the front door. When he opened the sliding door, the murky water reached up to his chest in an instant. “Oh!” was all he could say as he grabbed the post of the sliding door to support himself. The current swept me to the right; only my fingertips managed to cling to either his collar or shoulder blade. At that moment, I saw my mother and brother on the tatami at the front of the house, but I don’t remember anything from then until we got on the roof of the kitchen.
During this time, my mother and brother heard my repeated cries of “My hands are slipping! Help!” And at that same moment, the wooden fence outside the house washed past between my father and the post he was holding, and the muddy water rushed into the house. My father thought he had lost me when my hands slipped from his neck.
My father and I were likely pushed inside by the current. I’m not sure… From then on, my mother and brother only remember fragments. Unable to escape outside, we took refuge in the attic. As the water rose, the tatami mats began to float, and I saw the TV sinking into the water as we fled. The fear of that moment is unforgettable, my mother says. “Even though it was dark due to the power outage, something was still bright,” my father and I said as we clung to the pillars and crossbeams in the courtyard, trying not to float on the rising tatami. The kitchen wall was there, so the water reached the eaves of the roof, which were quite deep, but the force seemed a bit diminished. My father managed to get onto the roof first, holding onto the gutter and then pulling me up onto the roof.
When we crossed the roof, my foot slipped. It was a tin roof. “Don’t slip! Don’t fall! The sea is to the right,” my father’s loud voice I remember well. The stormy weather was intense; looking to the right, the water was a vast expanse, moving incredibly fast and shining brilliantly. I can’t forget the depth of the water and its swift flow.
My mother, carrying my brother, was also swept by the water while clinging to a post between the veranda and the courtyard. My brother recalled, “At that time, I was really uncomfortable squeezed between Kamo-san and our mother’s shoulders.” After seeing me on the roof, my mother managed to get there, clinging to something until my father pulled her up. My father told her to get on the roof too, but she said, “It’s okay. I’m fine here. I can’t go on.” I thought I heard my mother say she was going to die from that moment
on, and I kept screaming, “Help! Help!” but I don’t remember anything after that. Later, my father also pulled her onto the roof.
My father was breaking the tiles on the main roof with a hammer to create an opening to the attic. I don’t remember how I got there, but I found myself near my father on the tin roof, and he was tossing the broken tiles aside and digging into the dirt beneath them. Suddenly, the wind and rain stopped. Looking up, the sky was full of stars. I clearly remember that. Later, I learned that we had been in the eye of the typhoon. Eventually, our family of four entered the attic through this opening in the roof about the size of four tiles. When we got into the attic, I noticed my fingertips were muddy and slightly bleeding.
My father warned my brother, “Be careful with the thin ceiling boards. If you step through, there’s the sea below.” My brother and I sat on a thick beam in the attic and changed into dry underwear and clothes from our backpacks. We didn’t know how high the water would rise, and since the roof might float if the water reached the eaves, we were tied to the beam and utterly exhausted.
Our parents were worried about our grandmother, who was in the closet with the water up to her legs, and considered bringing her into the attic. At that moment, my grandmother reported, “It seems like the water has stopped!” In the middle of the night, the fire brigade came around to check on us. At that time, my parents couldn’t help but shout, “We’re okay. We’re in the attic!”
As dawn broke and the voices outside exclaimed, “The water has receded!” we also came down from the closet.
I am a fourth-grader. My brother is a first-grader.
This time, due to a curious fate, I had the chance to talk about the Isewan Typhoon for the first time in 50 years, remembering “that time” with my mother and brother. Our memories are all fragmented. The fear started “when the water trickled in,” and we can’t be sure about the passage of time or even how deep the water was—maybe about two meters. But it’s certain that all five of us survived.
“Carried by the water, pushed by the water, floating in the water, it was just good luck moment by moment.”
“It’s good that the kitchen roof didn’t get carried away. The four of us were saved because of this roof.”
These are the real feelings of my mother, brother, and me. I am grateful for this opportunity to share.
Acknowledgement: We are deeply grateful to the anonymous interviewee for sharing her harrowing experience. We strive to honor her precious time and valuable contribution.
80% ofall tsunamis occurring in the world are concentrated in the Circum-Pacific Belt.The leading countries researching the tsunami are Japan, the U.S., and Russia. The tsunami is originally a Japanese term that means a high tidal wave. The name was used by Japanese immigrants during a tidal wave caused by the 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake (tsunami) hit in Hiro, Hawaii and it became an international word, especially an academic word, ”Tsunami”. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) is in charge of a tsunami session at the start of an international conference about tsunamis. “Tsunami” became public after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster.
*The word “tsunami” is composed of the Japanese words “Tsu” (which means harbor) and “Nami” (which means “wave”)(ITIC)