「Chronology」カテゴリーアーカイブ

Day_114 : World Disaster Chronology-1980

 

Date Place Disaster Type Situations
1980.01- US, East Cold Wave 100 (DM)
1980.01- India, North Cold Wave 80 (DM) Bihar 
1980.04- Peru Heavy Rain, Flood 90 (DM)
1980.05- US, Northwestern Volcano  Mount St.Helens Volcanic Eruption*  80 (DM), A summit was disappeared by landslide and huge volcanic eruptions.
1980.06- India Heavy Rain, Flood Over 600 (DM)
1980 India Disease Over 550 (D)
1980.07- Japan Cool weather damage Damage cost was over 6,900 mil, yen
1980.07.28 Nepal Inland Earthquake M (not confirmed), 90(DM)
1980.08- Japan Heavy Rain, Flood 26 (DM),Injured 50, Destroyed 400, Inundation over 39,000
1980.08- US, East Heat Wave 1,000-1,300 (DM)
1980.08- India, East Heavy Rain, Flood Over 1,500 (DM)
1980.08- Haiti Storm, Flood 270 (DM)
1980.08- China Heavy Rain, Flood Unknown (DM)
1980 Bangladesh Heavy Rain, Flood Over 650 (DM)
1980.09- India, Southeastern Heavy Rain, Flood 200 (DM), Orrisa
1980.10.10 Algeria, Northwestern Inland Earthquake  M7.1-7.5, El Asnam Earthquake 2,600-5,000(DM)
1980.10- India Infectious disease Over 400 (D)
1980.10.24 Mexico, Central Inland Earthquake M (unknown), 65 (DM)
1980.11.23 Italy, South Inland Earthquake 1980 Irpinia earthquake** M6.9   2,500-4,700 (DM)
1980.12- Japan Heavy Snow 103 (DM), Injured over 1,300, Destroyed over 5,800, Inundation over5,500

D: Dead number DM: The dead and missing number

*St.Herens volcanic eruption

Day_87 : North and Central Americas – Mt. St.Helens and Mt.Pelee

**1980 Irpinia earthquake

 

Day_113 : World Disaster Chronology-1979

Date Place Disaster Type Situations
1979.01- US, East and others Cold wave The dead and missing is 60
1979.01.16 Iran, East Inland Earthquake M(not confirmed), The dead and missing number is 200
1979.02- Brazil, South Heavy rain, Flood The dead and missing number is 2,000
1979.02.20 Indonesia（Java Island） Volcano disaster The dead and missing number is180
1979.03- India Heavy rain, Flood The dead and missing number is 230
1979.04.10 US , Middle Tornado The dead number is 59
1979.04.15 Montenegro, Albania and others Coast earthquake 1979 Montenegro earthquake M7.2,Dead and missing is150-200.Budva’s Old Town, one of Montenegro’s Cultural Heritage Sites, was heavily devastated. (Wikipedia) 
1979.04.29 Indonesia, West（Sumatra Island） Vulcano disaster The dead and missing number is 80.
1979.05- India Typhoon, Flood The dead and missing number is over 500
1979.06- Japan Heavy rain, Flood The dead and missing number is 29, Injured 50, House corruption approx. 200, inundation of over 48,000
1979.06- India Heat Wave The dead and missing is over 300.
1979.07.18 Indonesia Mudslide The dead and missing are over 900
1979.08- India Disease The dead are over 200
1979.08- Dominica Typhoon, Flood The dead and missing are 1,500
1979.09- Japan Typhoon, Flood The dead and missing is 12, Injured 80, Destroyed approx.1,500, inundation is over 68,000
1979.10- Japan Typhoon, Flood The dead and missing is 111, Injured 480, Destroyed 7,500, Inundations over 37,000
1979.12.12 Colombia Submarine Earthquake M7.6-8.1 Colombia Earthquake, the dead and missing 600.

※ The following 1979 Machchhu dam failure is a technological disaster. Therefore, the disaster is not included in the above chronology.
1979 Machchhu dam failure
“The Morbi dam failure was a dam-related flood disaster that occurred on August 11, 1979, in India. The Machchu-2 dam, situated on the Machhu river, burst, sending a wall of water through the town of Morbi in the Rajkot district of Gujarat. Estimates of the number of people killed vary greatly, ranging from 1800 to 25000 people (Wikipedia).”

Related articles across the web

Day_108 : World Disaster Chronology-1978

The chronology will be improved little by little. This is the first draft version. The information source will be shown later. In addition, other some events will be explained.

Date Place Disaster Type Situations
1978.01- US, East Cold wave The dead and missing number is 160
1978.02- US Disease Influenza, the dead number is over 6,000
1978.04.16 India Tornado The dead and missing number is over 600
1978.06.12 Japan, Northeast Submarine Earthquake 1978 Miyagi ken Oki earthquake M7.4, The dead number is 28
1978.07- Bangladesh Heavy rain, Flood The dead and missing number is over 120
1978 Pakistan Heavy rain, Flood The dead and missing number is over100
1978.08- India Heavy rain, Flood The dead and missing number is 900-1,300
1978.09- Africa, East Disease The dead number is over 350
1978.09.16 Iran, Central Inland Earthquake 1978 Tabas earthquake*  M7.2-7.8, The dead and missing number is 18,000-25,000
1978.10- India Disease The dead number is over 480
1978.11- Sri Lanka, and others Typhoon, Flood The dead and missing is 1,500

*1978 Tabas Earthquake

The one of the most earthquake vulnerable countries in Asia is Iran. Iran had 16 times earthquakes in the 1800s  and 18 times earthquakes in the 1900s which caused over 1000 deaths. In particular, the one of the main causes of deaths is a building structure, called adobe.

Adobe is a kind of clay used as a building material, typically in the form of sun-dried bricks (Oxford dictionaries).

In dry climates, adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world. Adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass, but they are known to be particularly susceptible to earthquake damage if they are not somehow reinforced. Adobe are common throughout the world such as Middle East, West Asia, North Africa, West Africa, South America, southwestern North America, Spain, and Eastern Europe (Wikipedia).

“Adobe and earthquakes are a perverse and tragic combination”
 “The people on the street are killed by the walls that fall out, the people inside are killed by the roof that falls in”  says Mr Marcia Blondet (A Peruvian engineer). (BBC).

Day_102 : World Disaster Chronology 1977

The chronology will be improved little by little. This is the first draft version. The information source will be shown later. In addition, other some events will be explained.

Date Place Disaster Type Situations
1977.01- US East Cold wave The dead and missing number is 75
1977.01- Bolivia, East Heavy Rain, Flood The dead and missing number is 100
1977.01- Africa, East (Democratic Republic of the Congo and close to Rwanda) Volcano Disaster Mount Nyiragongo eruption. The dead and missing number is over 2,000. Lava flows and volcanic gases make the disaster worse.
1977.02- Mozambique Heavy Rain, Flood The dead and missing number is 250
1977.03.04 Romania , Central East Inland Earthquake 1977 Vrancea earthquake * 　M7.5 : The dead and missing number is 1,400-1,600（Mainly in  Bucharest)
1977.03 Iran, South Coastal Earthquake Khurgu(north Bandar Abbas, Iran) earthquake The killed and missing number is 170.
1977.04.01 Bangladesh Tornado The dead and missing number is over 600
1977.04.06 Iran Inland Earthquake M(not confirmed) The dead and missing is 500
1977 Haiti Heat wave The dead and missing number is over 300
1977.06- Oman Typhoon, Flood The dead and missing is 110.
1977.07- South Korea Heavy Rain, Flood The dead and missing number is 200. Seoul city has a huge damage.
1977.07- US East Heavy Rain, Flood The dead and missing number is 100. Pennsylvania state.
1977.08.19 Indonesia, South(Sumbawa) Submarine Earthquake Sumbawa Earthquake : M7.9-8..3 The dead and missing is 180. A big Tsunami
1977.11- India Typhoon, Flood The dead and missing number is 10,000-20,000
1977.12.20 Iran Inland Earthquake M(not confirmed)The dead and missing number is over 500

*1977  Vrancea earthquake. The dead and missing number is not clear.
Communist ruler Nicolae Ceaușescu suspended his official visit to Nigeria and declared state of emergency (Wikipedia).  This case also shows the death toll tells.

Day_101 : Deth toll tells

[ad#ads1]

Day_97 : World Disaster Chronology 1976 (2)

 

Date Place Disaster Type Situations
1976.08.17 The Phillipines, South
（Mindanao）		 Submarine earthquake 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake and tsunami*: M7.8-8.1,A dead and missing number is 4,000-8,000
1976.09- Japan Typhoon 1976 Typhoon No.17 Flood (Nagara river flood）
A dead and missing number is 169, Injured 400
1976.10.28- Japan, North-eastern Strong wind Sakata conflagration: A death and missing 2, Injured over 900
1976.10.29 Indonesia, East （Irian Jaya） Inland earthquake M7.2, A death and missing number is 100-6,000（not confirmed）,landslide
976.11.24 Turkey and Iran border Inland earthquake  1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake**: M7.2-7.6, A death and missing number is 3,600-10,000
1976.12- Japan Snow  A death and missing number is 84, Injured over300, damage loss 40 billion yen

1976 Moro Gulf earthquake and tsunami*
The worst tsunami disaster in the Philippines.1) It happened while most people were sleeping.
2) No warning after the earthquake.

1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake**
The almost all houses were destroyed because of the structure constructed of thick walls made from rubble masonry cemented with mud mortar.

[ad#ads1]

Day_95 : World Disaster Chronology 1976 (1)

Date Place Disaster Type Situations
1976.01- A northern part of the Philippines Heavy rain, Floods The death and missing number is over250, mainly Luzon island.
1976.01- Japan Disease Influenza, Over 1.8 million are affected, over 500 are dead (not confirmed).
1976.02- US and UK Disease Over 800 are dead. Influenza (not confirmed)
1976.02.04 Guatemala Inland earthquake Guatemala earthquake M7.5: A dead and missing number is 22,900, A major active fault line (over 200km) was found
1976.04.10 Bangladesh Tornado  The dead and missing number is 200
1976.05.06 A north-eastern part of Italy Inland earthquake Friuli earthquake M6.5: A dead and missing number is 900-1,250
1976.06- US Heavy rain, Floods The dead and missing number is 140
1976.06- Japan North-Eastern Part Cold weather damage The total loss is over 400 billion yen
1976.06.26 Indonesia, East（Irian Jaya） Inland earthquake M6.9-7.1, A dead and missing number is 5,000-9,000 (not confirmed), Many landslides occurred
1976.07-10 Mexico Hurricane, Floods Hurricane Liza*, The dead and missing number is 200
1976.07.14 Indonesia, South (Bali) Inland earthquake M6.5 (not confirmed), The dead and missing number is 560
1976.08- US West Heavy rain, Floods A dead and missing number is 60. Mainly in Colorado.
1976.08.28 China Hebei Province Inland earthquake Tangshan earthquake**, M7.3-7.8, The dead and missing number is 242,000-655,000 (750,000 not confirmed) 

* Hurricane Riza hit Mexico. The story will be discussed later.

**Remarks for disaster statistics and international assistance should be made about the Tangshan earthquake. First, the death toll is unclear because of china’s political climate. The earthquake occurred during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution. This makes difficult to have accurate statistical data. The earthquake contributed to the end of the Cultural Revolution. Second, the Chinese government refused to accept international aid from the United Nations and insisted on self-reliance. This influenced disaster exacerbation. One of the worst natural disasters in the world.

Day_94 : Relocations or Rebuildings (1) (Tentative)

The communities in the Sanriku ria coast have been affected by tsunamis for a long time. After huge tsunami disasters, they have had always faced the difficulty to make a decision, relocations or rebuildings.
The below Figure 1 is the major tsunamis in the Sanriku ria coast.
sanriku tsunami history
Figure 1 Tsunami disasters in Sanriku ria coast (Cabinet office of Japan)
The Meiji sanriku tsunami in 1896 was the worst tsunami disaster ever in Japanese recorded history. The Showa sanriku tsunami in 1933 occurred in the midnight, however, they evacuated well because of the Meiji’s experience. As mentioned before, they always needed to choose relocations or rebuildings with the consideration of their resources after the tsunami disasters.
The decisions of each community can be seen in Table 1 (Tentative).
Table 1 Relocations or Rebuilding History of Communities after the Tsunami Disasters(Tentative Table: very rough translation, sorry. Will change soon)
                                                                                                      Ref. ( Nakasu,Tanaka, Miyake, 2011)
relocations2
Some communities relocated to higher grounds after the tsunamis, however, they tended to go back to the original places because of their daily life’s convenience. They are mostly fishermen or making their living by the sea. We can imagine how difficult for them to live in the ground, far from the sea.
To be continued.

Day_91 : World Disaster Chronology 1975

 

Date Place Disaster Type Situations
1975.01- A southern part of Thailand Heavy rain floods The number of dead and missing is over 130
1975.02.04 Liaoning Province, China Inland earthquake Haicheng earthquake M7.3: A dead and missing number is 1,300–1,800 Houses destroyed is over 800,000
1975.05- Myanmar Cyclone floods A dead and missing number is 190
1975.07- România Heavy rain floods A dead and missing number is over 100 
1975.08- Kyushu, Japan Heavy rain floods A dead and missing number is 35,Injured is 60,Destroyed houses 500,Inundation over 12,000
1975.08- Honshu, Japan Typhoon floods A dead and missing number is 77,Injured 200,Destroyed houses 2,400,Inundation 50,000 
1975.08- Honshu, Japan Typhoon floods A dead and missing number is 33,Injured 50,Destroyed houses 700,Inundation 48,000
1975.09.06 A north-eastern part of Turkey Inland earthquake M6.9-7.1 A dead and missing number is over 2,400

The remarks should be made for Haicheng earthquake and Lice earthquake disasters.
The Haicheng earthquake disaster is famous for  the successful evacuation of a potentially affected population before a devastating earthquake. The Lice earthquake disaster gave a huge impact on Turkish district of Lice. Many strong aftershocks followed the main shock, causing the collapse of already partly damaged homes, and keeping the surviving residents quite frightened (USGS).

[ad#ads1]

Day_34 (rev): The meanings of the Typhoon Makurazaki in 1945

After the second world war, Japan was vulnerable, so we had a lot of natural disasters, especially Typhoon disasters from 1945 to 1959. Some call this 15 years a great flood and storm era(see the below figure). The first hit was Typhoon Makurazaki in Sep. 1945*.The typhoon disrupted Hiroshima city. There were 1229 casualties in the city. This fact reminds us of what happened in Hiroshima in the same year. The atomic bomb destroyed Hiroshima city on August, one month before the typhoon. During the war, we had no weather forecast system because of the military’s reasons. The people in Hiroshima were living in vulnerable houses because they were hardly hit by the bomb. They did not have enough info. about the Typhoon’s coming also**. Therefore, this typhoon disaster is a complex disaster which consists of natural disasters and human-made disasters aspects***.

deathtollafterww2

Figure: The Number of Deaths and Missing Persons Caused by Natural Disasters

*Hiroshima Pref. Website:
http://www.bousai.pref.hiroshima.jp.e.bq.hp.transer.com/www/contents/1318849427179/index.html
http://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp.e.bq.hp.transer.com/soshiki/100/makurazaki.html

**A Blank in the Weather Map by Kunio Yanagida:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Blank_in_the_Weather_Map

Kunio Yanagita was a Japanese scholar who is often known as the father of Japanese native folkloristics or minzokugaku.

***Day_23: The Definitions

Day_23 : The Definitions

Day_37: 伊勢湾台風災害, 流木被害, そしてフィリピン [Japanese]

伊勢湾台風とフィリピン、つながらないようで、実はつながっています。もともと、フィリピンに着目したのは、災対法及び防災科研が設立するきっかけとなった伊勢湾台風災害の流木被害（多くの犠牲者を生んだ）に興味をも ち、その関係を調べていると、その木材の９０％はフィリピンからのラワン材 で、名古屋で加 工して、朝鮮戦争後の住宅ブームのアメリカに輸出するという構図に着目してからです。南区の犠牲者の多くがこの流木によって、家屋が破壊されたことによるものだったからです。これは朝鮮戦争からの流れ、アメリカの影響による木材の自由化などとつなが り、また、フィリピンの森林破壊（当 時輸出の８割強が日本）と日本の森林の 衰退とつながり、これが現在まで続くフィリピンの洪水、土砂災害日本の地震や 豪雨による地 すべりや、少し強引には花粉症問題がでているというのが見えてきました。

[ad#ads1]