投稿者「tada」のアーカイブ

tada について

Dr. Nakasu is a post-doctoral fellow and an adjunct lecturer at College of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University in Thailand. He had been working at NIED (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention) as a principal research fellow and ICHARM (International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management), PWRI (Public Works Research Institute) as a research specialist in Japan for a decade. He has conducted many disaster field surveys such as Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004), Hurricane Katrina (2005), Typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng (2009), Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (2011), and Chao Phraya River Flood (2011). He also conducted abundant disaster management research around the globe. He had been a project leader of the Working Group of Hydrology, the Typhoon Committee (WMO and UN/ESCAP) for nearly 3 years. He was also a visiting researcher at JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and an adjunct instructor at several universities in Japan. He won a second prize for his poster presentation at the Society for Risk Analysis-Asia Conference in Taipei in 2014. He is a tsunami evacuation research committee member of the Japanese Association for Earthquake Engineering (JAEE). His research interests include the environment and comparative studies. 日本語版： 中須正

Day_176: From Flash Floods to Coastal Flooding: Different Types of Floods and Their Characteristics

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Photo by Hans https://pixabay.com/users/Hans-2/ on Pixabay https://pixabay.com/photos/flood-waves-splash-swirl-dangerous-123200/

 

Floods are one of the most devastating natural disasters that can occur, affecting millions of people around the world each year. While we often think of floods as simply water overflowing from a river or lake, there are actually several different types of floods, each with their own unique characteristics and causes. From flash floods that can occur suddenly and without warning, to coastal flooding caused by storm surges and rising sea levels, understanding the different types of floods and their characteristics is essential for both emergency responders and individuals living in flood-prone areas. In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the different types of floods and what makes each one unique, as well as explore some of the ways that communities can prepare for and respond to these potentially catastrophic events. So, whether you’re a homeowner living in a flood-prone area or simply interested in learning more about the science of floods, read on to discover the fascinating world of these powerful natural phenomena.

What is a flood?

A flood is a natural disaster that occurs when water overflows from its normal course and covers land that is typically dry. Floods can be caused by a variety of factors, including heavy rainfall, snowmelt, and storm surges. The severity of a flood can range from minor damage to complete destruction of homes and infrastructure, and can have long-lasting impacts on both the environment and the people living in affected areas.

Different types of floods

There are several different types of floods, each with unique characteristics and causes. Understanding these different types of floods is essential for emergency responders and individuals living in flood-prone areas, as different types of floods require different preparation and response strategies. Some of the most common types of floods include flash floods, river floods, coastal floods, and urban floods.

Flash floods

Flash floods are among the most dangerous and unpredictable types of floods. These floods occur when a large amount of water accumulates in a short period of time, often due to heavy rainfall or the sudden release of water from a dam or levee. Flash floods can occur without warning, making them particularly dangerous for people who are caught off guard. These floods can be devastating, causing significant damage to homes and infrastructure, and can even result in loss of life.

Flash floods are often characterized by their speed and intensity. They can occur in just a few minutes, leaving little time for people to prepare or evacuate. Flash floods can also carry large amounts of debris, making them even more dangerous for people caught in their path.

River floods

River floods occur when water levels in a river or stream exceed their banks, resulting in flooding of nearby areas. These floods can be caused by heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or a combination of factors. River floods are typically slower moving than flash floods, giving people more time to prepare and evacuate. However, river floods can still cause significant damage to homes and infrastructure and can result in loss of life.

River floods are often characterized by their duration and the amount of water they carry. These floods can last for days or even weeks, and can cause significant damage to homes and infrastructure in affected areas. River floods can also result in the displacement of large numbers of people, making them a significant humanitarian crisis.

Coastal floods

Coastal floods occur when storm surges or high tides cause water levels to rise, resulting in flooding of coastal areas. These floods are becoming increasingly common due to rising sea levels caused by climate change. Coastal floods can be particularly devastating, as they can cause significant damage to homes and infrastructure and can result in loss of life.

Coastal floods are often characterized by their high water levels and the amount of damage they can cause. These floods can result in significant erosion of coastlines, as well as damage to homes and infrastructure in affected areas. Coastal floods can also result in the displacement of large numbers of people, particularly in low-lying areas.

Urban floods

Urban floods occur when water accumulates in urban areas, often due to the lack of drainage systems or the inability of existing systems to handle large amounts of water. These floods can be caused by heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or a combination of factors. Urban floods can cause significant damage to homes and infrastructure, as well as result in loss of life.

Urban floods are often characterized by their impact on densely populated areas. These floods can result in the displacement of large numbers of people, particularly those living in low-lying areas or areas with inadequate drainage systems. Urban floods can also cause significant damage to homes and infrastructure, particularly in areas with poor building standards.

Characteristics of flash floods

Flash floods are characterized by their speed and intensity. These floods can occur without warning, making them particularly dangerous for people caught off guard. Flash floods can also carry large amounts of debris, making them even more dangerous for people caught in their path. Flash floods can cause significant damage to homes and infrastructure, as well as result in loss of life.

Characteristics of river floods

River floods are characterized by their duration and the amount of water they carry. These floods can last for days or even weeks, and can cause significant damage to homes and infrastructure in affected areas. River floods can also result in the displacement of large numbers of people, making them a significant humanitarian crisis.

Characteristics of coastal floods

Coastal floods are characterized by their high water levels and the amount of damage they can cause. These floods can result in significant erosion of coastlines, as well as damage to homes and infrastructure in affected areas. Coastal floods can also result in the displacement of large numbers of people, particularly in low-lying areas.

Causes of different types of floods

Different types of floods are caused by different factors. Flash floods are often caused by heavy rainfall or the sudden release of water from a dam or levee. River floods can be caused by heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or a combination of factors. Coastal floods are becoming increasingly common due to rising sea levels caused by climate change. Urban floods are often caused by the lack of drainage systems or the inability of existing systems to handle large amounts of water.

Impact of floods on the environment and people

Floods can have significant impacts on both the environment and the people living in affected areas. Floods can cause significant damage to homes and infrastructure, leading to the displacement of large numbers of people. Floods can also result in loss of life, particularly in flash floods where people may be caught off guard. Floods can also result in significant erosion of coastlines and other areas, leading to long-term environmental impacts.

Flood management and prevention

Preventing floods is often difficult, as different types of floods are caused by different factors. However, there are several ways that communities can prepare for and respond to floods. This can include developing emergency response plans, building flood-resistant infrastructure, and educating people about the risks of floods. Additionally, efforts to address climate change can help reduce the frequency and severity of floods, particularly coastal floods caused by rising sea levels.

Conclusion

Floods are one of the most devastating natural disasters that can occur, affecting millions of people around the world each year. While different types of floods are caused by different factors, they all have the potential to cause significant damage to homes and infrastructure, as well as a result in loss of life. Understanding the different types of floods and their characteristics is essential for both emergency responders and individuals living in flood-prone areas. By taking steps to prepare for and respond to floods, we can help mitigate the impact of these powerful natural phenomena.

Day_175: Understanding Earthquakes: A Comprehensive Definition

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Photo by Pexels https://pixabay.com/users/Pexels-2286921/ on Pixabay https://pixabay.com/photos/man-fog-silhouette-kneeling-kneel-1868418/

As a natural phenomenon, earthquakes have been a source of curiosity and fear for many people around the world. We have heard of earthquakes causing widespread destruction, loss of life and property, and even triggering tsunamis. Despite the many advancements in technology, earthquakes are still unpredictable and can strike anytime, anywhere. In this article, we will explore the definition of earthquakes, their causes, types, measurement scales, effects, historical earthquakes, and how to prepare for them.

Introduction to Earthquakes

An earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth’s crust suddenly slip past one another, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves. These waves travel through the earth’s surface and can be detected by instruments called seismometers. Earthquakes can occur in different parts of the earth, including on land, under the ocean, and even in the earth’s mantle. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on a scale called the Richter scale, which ranges from 1 to 10.

What is an Earthquake?

An earthquake is a natural phenomenon that occurs when two blocks of the earth’s crust suddenly slip past one another, causing vibrations in the earth’s surface. These vibrations can range from mild tremors to violent shaking that can cause widespread destruction. Earthquakes are caused by a variety of factors, including tectonic plate movement, volcanic activity, and even human activities such as mining and drilling.

Understanding the Causes of Earthquakes

Tectonic plate movement is the primary cause of earthquakes worldwide. The earth’s crust is made up of several large plates that move slowly over time. When these plates collide, they can generate tremendous amounts of pressure, leading to earthquakes. Volcanic activity can also cause earthquakes, as can human activities such as drilling and mining. The location and depth of an earthquake can also be influenced by the type of soil and rock in the area.

Types of Earthquakes

There are several different types of earthquakes, including tectonic, volcanic, and human-induced earthquakes. Tectonic earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates, while volcanic earthquakes are caused by volcanic activity. Human-induced earthquakes are caused by human activities such as mining and drilling. The intensity of an earthquake can also vary, with some earthquakes causing only mild tremors while others can cause widespread destruction.

Earthquake Measurement Scales

The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on a scale called the Richter scale, which ranges from 1 to 10. The Richter scale measures the amplitude of the seismic waves generated by an earthquake. The higher the magnitude, the more energy is released by the earthquake. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is another scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake. This scale measures the effects of an earthquake on people, buildings, and the environment.

Effects of Earthquakes

Earthquakes can have a wide range of effects, depending on their magnitude and location. Mild earthquakes may cause only slight tremors, while stronger earthquakes can cause widespread destruction, including damage to buildings, roads, and other infrastructure. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, tsunamis, and other secondary effects that can cause additional damage and loss of life.

Earthquake Prediction and Early Warning Systems

Despite the many advancements in technology, earthquakes are still unpredictable and can strike at any time. However, scientists have developed several methods for predicting earthquakes, including monitoring seismic activity and changes in the earth’s crust. Early warning systems can also provide valuable time for people to take action before an earthquake strikes, such as evacuating buildings and seeking shelter.

Historical Earthquakes

Throughout history, earthquakes have caused widespread destruction and loss of life. Some of the most significant earthquakes in history include the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the 1960 Chile earthquake, and the 2011 Japan earthquake. These earthquakes serve as a reminder of the destructive power of this natural phenomenon and the importance of preparedness.

How to Prepare for an Earthquake

Preparing for an earthquake involves understanding the risks and taking steps to mitigate them. This includes identifying potential hazards in your home or workplace, creating an emergency plan, and having an emergency kit on hand. Familiarizing yourself with local evacuation routes and shelters can also be helpful in the event of an earthquake.

Conclusion

In conclusion, earthquakes are a natural phenomenon that can have devastating effects on people, property, and the environment. Understanding the definition of earthquakes, their causes, types, measurement scales, effects, historical earthquakes, and how to prepare for them can help individuals and communities mitigate the risks associated with this natural disaster. Despite the unpredictability of earthquakes, taking proactive steps to prepare can make a significant difference in protecting lives and property.

Day_174: How to Prepare for (Natural)Disasters: A Comprehensive Guide

Image Source: Unsplash

As someone who has experienced the devastating effects of natural disasters, I know firsthand how important it is to be prepared. Natural disasters can strike at any time, and without proper preparation, you could be left vulnerable. In this comprehensive guide, I will walk you through everything you need to know about preparing for natural disasters, from understanding the different types of risks to creating an emergency kit, evacuation planning, insurance coverage, and steps to take during and after a disaster.

Introduction to Natural Disasters
A natural disaster is an event caused by natural forces that result in significant damage to property and loss of life. These events can strike anywhere in the world and can occur at any time, often with little or no warning. Some of the most common natural disasters include floods, earthquakes, typhoons, and landslides.

Understanding the Risks
To prepare for a natural disaster, it’s essential to understand the different types of risks that exist. Floods, for example, can be caused by heavy rainfall, storm surges, or the overflow of bodies of water. Earthquakes are caused by the shifting of tectonic plates, while typhoons are severe tropical storms that can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure. Landslides can be triggered by heavy rainfall or earthquakes. It’s important to understand the risks in your area and prepare accordingly. You can consult with local emergency management authorities to identify the risks in your area and develop a plan.

Preparing for a Natural Disaster
Creating an emergency kit is an essential step in preparing for a natural disaster. Your emergency kit should include items such as food, water, first aid supplies, flashlights, batteries, and a portable radio. It’s also important to have a plan in place for evacuation. This plan should include identifying a safe location and determining the best route to get there. You should also have a plan for your pets and any special needs you or your family members may have.

Evacuation Planning and Safety Measures
Evacuation planning is an essential part of preparing for a natural disaster. When creating your evacuation plan, consider the following:
• The best evacuation route
• The location of emergency shelters
• The location of your emergency kit
• How you will transport your pets and any special needs
• How you will communicate with family members during the evacuation
In addition to evacuation planning, it’s important to take safety measures to protect yourself and your home during a natural disaster. For example, securing large appliances and furniture can help prevent injuries and damage during an earthquake or high winds.

Insurance Coverage for Natural Disasters
Having insurance coverage for natural disasters is essential to protect your property and belongings. Homeowners’ insurance typically covers damage caused by wind, hail, and lightning but may not cover damage caused by floods or earthquakes. It’s important to review your insurance policy and consider additional coverage options if you live in an area prone to natural disasters.

Steps to Take During a Natural Disaster
During a natural disaster, it’s important to stay informed and follow the advice of local emergency management authorities. If you are advised to evacuate, do so immediately. If you are unable to evacuate, seek shelter in a safe location such as a basement or interior room.
If you are in a flood-prone area, be prepared to move to higher ground. If you are in an area prone to landslides, be prepared to evacuate if the ground becomes unstable. In the event of an earthquake, drop to the ground and take cover under a sturdy piece of furniture.

Dealing with Aftermath – Recovery and Restoration
After a natural disaster, it’s important to prioritize your safety and the safety of your family. Once it is safe to do so, assess the damage to your property and contact your insurance provider to begin the claims process.
Depending on the extent of the damage, you may need to hire a professional restoration company to help with cleanup and repairs. It’s important to work with a reputable company that is licensed and insured.

Resources for Preparing for Natural Disasters
There are many resources available to help you prepare for natural disasters. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or your country’s disaster management office may offer a wealth of information on their website, including guides on how to prepare for different types of disasters. Your local emergency management authorities may also offer preparedness resources, including information on evacuation routes and emergency shelters.

Community Preparedness – Working with Local Emergency Services
Community preparedness is essential to ensuring the safety of everyone during a natural disaster. It’s important to work with local emergency services to develop a community emergency plan and identify resources that can be used during a disaster.You can also volunteer with local emergency services to help with disaster preparedness and response efforts. This can include training to become a first responder or helping to distribute emergency supplies.

Conclusion – The Importance of Being Prepared for Natural Disasters
Being prepared for natural disasters can mean the difference between life and death. By understanding the risks in your area, creating an emergency kit and evacuation plan, securing insurance coverage, and taking safety measures during a disaster, you can protect yourself and your family. Remember, disasters can strike at any time, often with little or no warning. By taking the time to prepare, you can ensure that you are as ready as possible for whatever nature may throw your way.

Call to Action
Don’t wait until it’s too late to prepare for a natural disaster. Start today by creating an emergency kit, developing an evacuation plan, and reviewing your insurance coverage. By taking these simple steps, you can help protect yourself and your family during a disaster.

Day_172 : Hollywood Movie “The Beach” and The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Thailand

Past writings are to be disclosed little by little with some changes.

Nikkan Berita
Nikkan Berita Writer’s Archive December 30, 2006
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The Supreme Court of Thailand ordered 20th Century Fox Inc. and its local subsidiaries to restore the ecosystem of Phi Phi Island, acknowledging that the company degraded the environment around Phi Phi Lei Island for the filming of the Hollywood movie “The Beach” in 2000 on December 7, 2006. The film, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, has made great strides in the development of tourism on the island and displaced many tourists, but the island was one of the worst affected areas by the Indian Ocean Tsunami of late 2004, and many tourists lost their lives.

Flyer: The Movie “Tha Beach”

Tourism development for economic development and environmental issues lay largely in the background of why Koh Phi Phi was one of the hardest-hit areas by the tsunami in Thailand.

It all started with the baht crisis that hit the Thai economy in 1997. In the early 1990s, the Thai government established the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the Environmental Fund, enacted a number of environmental laws and enacted a national environmental boom, which began in the early 1990s. A prime example is a controversy over the alteration of the environment for Hollywood movies, known as “the beach controversy,” which began in 1998.

This was sparked by an attempt by a film crew to alter the landscape of Maya Beach on the island of Phi Phi Ley. For the filming of football game scenes, the sandy beach was widened by bulldozers and non-indigenous coco palm trees were imported and planted on the beach to create an image of a tropical paradise. The Royal Forest Department’s decision to approve the alteration was a measure that went so far as to bend the law in order to attract international investment with the aim of reviving the Thai economy.

This has led to the neglect of nature conservation, and local NGOs and others have begun to investigate and prosecute the environmental degradation around the island.

The tsunami that struck Phi Phi Island on December 26, 2004, occurred in the midst of such tourism development.

Now, two years after the tsunami, the island of Phi Phi Lei and the surrounding areas have regained their natural beauty, having been cleared of the man-made nature created by the tsunami.

Mr. Songboon of TOT Krabi Province, a major telecommunications company in Thailand, said, “I’ve been watching Phi Phi Island for a long time, but the sea was the dirtiest just before the tsunami. He said with great emotion, “The beaches around the area after the tsunami have regained the beauty of 10 years ago. He is currently staying on Phi Phi don Island to set up an internet connection.

Picture: Maya Beach

Mr. Spar, who runs a dive shop in the hard-hit Thongsai Bay, said, “For a while after the tsunami, we were in a vicious circle, with fewer customers and higher rates for the limited accommodations available to stay, and even fewer customers. However, now the sea itself is getting very clean and the city has recovered a lot, and the customers have returned. Management is getting a little better, too. and a glimpse of hope.

Picture: Thongsai Bay

Supreme Court decision that seems too little too late. It will be interesting to see how Phi Phi Island rebuilds and learn from the experience of the tsunami and its recovery process.

Reference:
Natural Disasters and Disaster Management in Thailand
Natural Disasters and Disaster Management in Thailand

Day_171 : Past Interview Records – PTWC (Pacific Tsunami Warning Center) in Hawaii (2)

Interview Records at PTWC　No.2
2008.2.26 (Tue.)　at 1000 am

The records from the interview survey are shown below.

■ Science and technology
Many models of the tsunami have been developed. However, it is difficult to adopt because it is crucial whether it is practical or not.

■ Staff training
Only internal training is available.

■ A system where Civil Defense gives warnings to citizens.
There is a hotline to the provincial government and another one to the federal government.

■ Work shift
One person is always at the center for 24 hours.
8hr-4hr-4hr 4hr 16hrs are in shift
When there is a problem, three staff gather at the center.

■ Backup
The center’s backup is at the Alaska center and if Hawaii doesn’t work. Alaska center can cover.

■ Relationship with media
Concerning the media, media is, in a sense, a partner.
Civil Defense needs 3 hours before the event to evacuate. for that reason, there are too many time constraints. The media is fast. However, there are various restrictions. To decide to proceed with the warning or not, the media has no such authority. Also, in the United States, the media is a business and not state-owned, so it could mislead. You must always pay attention to the points.

■ Resources
Before the tsunami damage of 2004, the conditions were very limited in resources. A lot of money was invested in this field since the events of the year. The function of the center has been improved because of that. The staff has increased. The 2004 event was a severe tsunami disaster by letting the world know the reality.

Related Info. and Books
The following tsunami warning center provides the world situations on the map and list
U.S, Tsunami Warning CentersU.S, Tsunami Warning Centers

Day_170 : The methodology of the Research on the communities and workers sustainability in the industrial complex area affected by the 2011 Chao Phraya Flood  

Basically, we proceed with a top-down process for the research. The followings are the outlines of the procedures for the surveys: 1) Rojana Industrial Park and Japanese companies and their responsible persons 2) Communities: Community leaders, employees, and critical facilities and their responsible persons.

1) Rojana Industrial Park and Japanese companies and their responsible persons
The followings are the reasons why Japanese companies and why Rojana Industrial Park in the central region of Thailand are selected for the project. The first, 451 of 804 inundated companies in the central region of Thailand caused by the 2011 flood were Japanese related (Tokyo Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co., Ltd., 2011). The second, the Rojana Industrial Park, is one of the seven inundated industrial parks in the central region of Thailand. Rojana Industrial Park is also deeply related to the Japanese company because Rojana Industrial Park was established as a joint venture between Japanese (Nippon Steel & Sumikin Bussan Corporation) and Thai (Vinichbutr’s Group) companies in 1983. The Japanese target companies are mainly selected through the connections with the Japanese Chamber of Commerce Bangkok and Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). The responsible persons are chosen totally up to the companies. The representative Japanese and Thai managers and persons in charge of BCP or risk management of the companies are chosen to meet our needs. We conduct focus group interviews and questionnaire surveys for the above persons and employees in the companies. Questionnaires are distributed and collected in the box in the canteen of the companies.

2) Communities: Community leaders, employees, and critical facilities and their responsible persons
A top-down approach in data collection is applied by gaining the necessary authorization from the senior-level officials such as Chief of DDPM Ayutthaya and Chief district office, which subsequently facilitated reaching out to Tambon and Mooban leaders through the District office. This approach proved useful in establishing the proper and assured contacts to conduct the surveys in the target area.

Firstly, we ask permission to do surveys from the Ayutthaya governor and the chief of the DDPM Ayutthaya office. Second, we are introduced to meet the target Amphoe Uthai chief and ask him to communicate with the four target Tambon leaders. Third, we asl Tambon leaders to introduce the thirty-five Muban leaders and also the persons in critical facilities in the area. After the process, we conduct the employees’ surveys. The target persons, 400, are randomly selected with the recognition of the Muban leaders based on the Yamane formula. We also proceed with the interview surveys to our prioritized twenty-five critical facilities acknowledged by the Tambon and Muban leaders. The representatives or the persons in charge of risk management in the critical facilities are required to answer the questions.

Day_169: The 2011 Chao Phraya River Flood Literature Reviews

Regarding the published literature, there are several approaches to investigate the 2011 flood.
Mark and Lebel (Mark and Lebel, 2016) describe how Thailand’s incomplete decentralization and administrative fragmentation has created numerous barriers to polycentric disaster governance.

Hagiwara et al. (2014) explained the chain reactions of the economic damage mainly derived from the experience of Japanese enterprises and points out issues that disrupted their businesses. That paper focused on the risk management changes of the firms after the 2011 flood, indicating they have strengthened their flood countermeasures as a whole, but points to the need to consider more about the collaborations with business partners or other entities.

Okazumi and Nakasu (2013) (2015) examined the devastating exacerbation of economic damage through a social background perspective and enterprise inter-relationships.

Nakasu (2017) clarified the reasons why so many Japanese companies moved to the potential risk area in Thailand. The reasons are from the perspective of both the country’s social factors through decentralization policies facilitated by the Thai government and also yen appreciation triggered by the Plaza agreement (1985) and the Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy (2008) to propel Japanese enterprise relocation and advancement.

Haraguch and L. Upmanu (2015) emphasized the decision-making process of enterprises to clarify the trigger of economic damage. That paper proposed measures for related supply chain risk through setting research questions such as private investment decision-making, the diversified sources of procurement, emergent assistance from other partner companies in the same supply chain, and the degree of the recovery of customers.

Tamada et al. (2013) approached the subject mainly from economic, political, hydrological, and technological perspectives with various authors. That book clarified the complexity of the 2011 flood and overviewed how human interventions affect the disaster, such as local people’s lifestyle changes before the disaster, the establishment of the industrial complexes in the area, government agency conflicts, dam operation impacts, unexpected rainfall, and private company reactions.

Singkran (2017) reviewed the 2011 flood from disaster management views and emphasized the need for more non-structural countermeasures and participatory collaboration among stakeholders for effective disaster management.

Reference
Hagiwara, Y, Kuribayashi, D, Okazumi, T, Nakasu, T. (2014). Characteristics of the Chain-Reaction Damage of the Japanese Firms Affected by the 2011 Thai Flood, Advances in River Engineering Vol.20, pp.397 – 402(in Japanese)


Haraguchi, M and Upmanu, L. (2015). Flood risks and impacts: A Case Study of Thailand’s Floods in 2011 and Research Questions for Supply Chain Decision Making, International Journal of Disaster Risk 　Reduction, 14:256-272.


Japanese Chamber of Commerce, Bangkok. (2012). 2011 Economic Overview of Thailand(2011/2012). Japanese Chamber of Commerce, Bangkok.

Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). (2019). Regional Resilience Enhancement through Establishment of Area-BCM at Industry Complexes in Thailand: Enhance regional resilience through visualization of disaster risks with industry, government and academia collaboration. SATREPS (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development) Project https://www.jst.go.jp/global/english/kadai/h2908_thailand.html accessed March 20, 2019

JETRO. (2012). Special Topics: Information on Thai Flood Disaster Recovery, Tokyo (in Japanese). http://www.jetro.go.jp/world/asia/th/flood/ accessed June 20, 2012.

Marks D and Lebel L. (2016). Disaster governance and the scalar politics of incomplete decentralization: fragmented and contested responses to the 2011 floods in Central Thailand. Habitat Int Decentralizing Disaster Gov Spec Issue 52:57–66.

Marks, D. (2019). Assembling the 2011 Thailand floods: Protecting farmers and inundating high-value industrial estates in a fragmented hydro-social territory. Political Geography, 68, 66-76.

Nakasu, T, Okazumi, T. and Shimizu, Y. (2013). Establishment of Industrial Areas and New Risk Management: Chain Reactions of Economic Damage caused by 2011 Thailand Chao Phraya River Flood Disasters and Local Societies. The Journal of Urban Social Studies,No.5, 2013, 159-169.

Nakasu, T. (2017). Natural Disasters and Disaster Management in Thailand: Status, Risks, and Trends.13th International Conference on Thai Studies.

Office of the National Economic and Social Development Boad (NESDB). (2016). The National Economic and Social Development Plan.Retrieved May 4, 2017.

Okazumi, T. and Nakasu, T. (2015). Lessons learned from two unprecedented disasters in 2011–Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan and Chao Phraya River flood in Thailand. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 13, 200-206.

Singkran, N. (2017). Flood risk management in Thailand: Shifting from a passive to a progressive paradigm. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 25, 92-100.

Sukekawa, S.(2013). Impacts on Industries and Enterprises Caused by the Thai 2011 Great Flood. In Thai 2011 Great Flood. Chiba: IDE-JETRO. (in Japanese)

Tamada, Y.Hoshikawa, K. Funatsu, T. ed. (2013). The 2011 Great Flood: Records and Lessons. In Thai 2011 Great Flood. Chiba: IDE-JETRO(in Japanese).

Tokyo Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co.,Ltd.(2011). Lessons Learned from the 2011 Thailand Flood Disaster: Points of flood risk countermeasures in overseas bases.

Day_168 : Past Interview Records – PTWC (Pacific Tsunami Warning Center) in Hawaii (1)

Continue to the past New Orleans Interview Records, I would like to open the memo about the interview to PTWC. It was a great time and I learned a lot from the interviews.  So I would like to share the fact to let you know their works to tackle the tsunami disasters in the world.

PTWC is the core center for the tsunami warning well known to the world.

2008.2.26 (Tue.)　at 1000 am
15 staff, director, deputy director
Information Technician, including nine scientists
16-hour shift on 8-4-4, homes are next to the center

The records from the interview survey are shown below.

■ Evacuation
There is no international standard in terminology. Terminology varies by country/region. The words sometimes make me confused. Also, in the past, it was two either evacuation nor no evacuation.

■ Warning Error
It is challenging to give a warning. There are errors in the original earthquake and the tide data. There is an error in the gauge also.
To judge them collect is too hard. So, it can be said that 99.99% is an error.

In Hawaii, only a quarter of evacuation was actually damaged in the past. It is not unusual that although there were evacuations, there were no damages at all.

■ Past data and warning judgment
Only use a few. Because how to put out the past data, equipment, etc.are hard to do. Which way is the numerical model used to determine if the earthquake becomes a tsunami is complicated. There are more things to do.

■ Relationship with other countries
The countries that are most focused on warning about tsunami in the Pacific are Japan, America, Australia, Chile, Canada, and Russia. Also, it is not possible to evaluate the inspection records of other countries. This should be noted.

■ At the time of the 2004 tsunami
Most of the records before the Indian Ocean Tsunami were reported hourly, so judge the event was tough. Every 15 minutes, now every 6 minutes is normal and very good.

■ Conditions for cancellation
Make a comprehensive decision. The problem of reflections adds to the complexity. Not only direct waves but also an indirect wave should be considered.

Related Books and info.

Day_83 : Tsunami – the words

Tsunami is the words coming from Japan